![]() Here we review the incidence of DCIS, the perception of risk for developing invasive breast cancer, the current treatment options and the known molecular aspects of progression. To counter overtreatment and to transform clinical practice, a global, comprehensive and multidisciplinary collaboration is required. Difficulty in discerning harmless lesions from potentially invasive ones can lead to overtreatment of this condition in many patients. ![]() However, most DCIS lesions remain indolent. Currently, all DCIS lesions are treated, and treatment comprises either mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery supplemented with radiotherapy. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) now represents 20–25% of all ‘breast cancers’ consequent upon detection by population-based breast cancer screening programmes.
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